A program is a sequence of instructions that operate on data to produce desired results. A microprocessor needs to be programmed before it can perform a useful task. For example- comparing two numbers and printing out the greater of the two.
The program written to perform a particular task is stored in the semiconductor memory accessible to the microprocessor. The processor, having been instructed to execute the program, fetches one instruction at a time from the memory and executes it.
Instructions- an instruction essentially consists of and operation code, abbreviated as opcode, and the address (es) of the data on which it has to operate. The data on which and instruction operates, is also known as the operand(s) for that instruction. Most instructions specify directly the address of only one of the operands, the address of the other operand being implicitly known. Some instructions specify the data itself and not the address.
A microprocessor is an electronic device which is interfaced with memories and several other input and output devices. Thus, a study of microprocessors implies a study of a variety of memory chips, input/output devices, and techniques for interfacing them to the microprocessor.
Like any other digital computer, a system designed around a microprocessor needs to be programmed. Thus, a sequence of instructions needs to be formulated and input to the microprocessor-based system for effective operation. A sequence of instructions designed to perform a particular task is known as a program. A set of programs written for a microprocessor based system is known as the software for that system. Both hardware and software design are of paramount importance in microprocessor-based system design.
Microprocessor is just like any other electronic chip. It is more powerful than just any other chip. A µp is a device that:
·Has a limited set of on-chip memory locations, known as registers,, to hold information,
·Can understand a fixed set off basic commands, and
·Can generate signals to control external devices.
Inside the chip, there is an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU executes all arithmetic and logic instructions. For example, the arithmetic addition and logical AND operations will be performed by the ALU.
The registers inside the µp hold data on which the operations are performed. The control unit generates the external control signals and also controls the operation of the internal on-chip circuitry. The on-chip memory, in the form of registers, is generally very limited. Thus, almost every µp based system has an off-chip memory also.
The set of basic commands that a µp can understand, is known as the instruction set of the µp.
A µp does not have enough memory for program and data storage, neither does it has any input and output devices. Thus, when a µp is used to design a system, several other chips are also used to make up a complete system.
The first microprocessor was introduced in 1971 by Intel Corporation.
Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight, and intuition that provides and environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates in individual minds but is often embedded in organizational routines, processes, practices, systems, software, and norms.
Knowledge management enables the creation, distribution, and exploitation of knowledge to create and retain greater value from core business competencies. Knowledge management addresses business problems particular to your business- whether it is creating and delivering innovative products or services; managing and enhancing relationships with customers, partners, and suppliers; or improving work processes. The primary goal of knowledge management in a business context is to facilitate opportunistic application of fragmented knowledge through integration.
